BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES: A REVIEW OF STATE-OF-THE-ART TECHNOLOGIES

Abstract

Battery management systems (BMS) play a crucial role in safety, performance and life span of the electric vehicle (EV) batteries. The paper will give a detailed overview of the current state of art BMS technologies, and also determine the gaps in innovation that are preventing further development. The paper explores the latest trends in estimation of SOC/SOH, cooling, the integration of AI and IoT, as well as sustainability based on the evidence of literature, large-scale databases (EVBattery, PulseBat, CALCE, VED), and recent patent studies. Results indicate that the current designs of BMS are technically advanced, but they have drawbacks regarding dynamic accuracy, predictive thermal control, secure deployment of IoT, and integration of sustainability concepts. The study suggests an original framework that integrates an estimation model based on hybrid AI, predictive thermal management, cloud analytics based on the IoT, and a sustainability module to overcome these problems.  This model embraces systematic innovation principles in solving contradictions between safety, cost, performance, and environmental responsibility. It guarantees adaptive decisions, greater safety, and eco-friendly design to meet the demands of the new industry and regulatory trends. The paper covers the implications that this framework has on a variety of aspects of technology, including the possibility to revolutionize BMS technologies and highlight the challenges that the framework faces in regards to cybersecurity, data needs, and mass adoption. The suggested method provides a clear path to the development of next-generation BMS both as academically important work and an industrial product in the developing area of electric mobility.