Hydromagnetic Nanofluid Flow through Stretching Convergent-divergent conduit

Abstract

This study investigates the hydromagnetic flow of non-Newtonian nanofluid through a linearly stretching convergent-divergent
conduit in the presence of a variable magnetic field and variable thermal conductivity using the spectral relaxation numerical
technique. The nanofluid under consideration is electrically conducting and experiences a constant pressure gradient, while
the magnetic field applied is variable and inclined at a certain angle. The conduit walls are non-parallel and non-intersecting,
allowing the nanofluid to flow freely, with the angle between the walls represented by θ.
The mathematical model governing the flow consists of the continuity, momentum, magnetic induction, and energy equations.
These governing equations are initially formulated as highly nonlinear partial differential equations. Through the application of
similarity transformations, the equations are reduced into a system of ordinary differential equations. The resulting boundary
value problem is then solved numerically using the spectral relaxation numerical technique.
The effects of various dimensionless parameters on the nanofluid flow and heat transfer characteristics are illustrated
graphically and discussed in detail. Nanofluids have important applications in nuclear power generation, particularly as coolants
due to their enhanced thermophysical properties. In South Africa, which is currently the only African country producing nuclear
power commercially, as well as in other African nations exploring nuclear energy as a sustainable and climate-friendly energy
source, nanofluids could significantly improve cooling performance in nuclear reactors. Replacing conventional water coolants
with nanofluids may enhance heat transfer efficiency and increase the rate of cooling. In addition, nanofluids can be utilized in
emergency cooling systems to rapidly redu