EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF BATTERY-TO-WHEEL ENERGY TRANSFER IN TWO-WHEELER ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Abstract

 The rapid electrification of personal mobility in developing nations, particularly India, has brought electric two-wheelers (E2Ws) to the forefront of sustainable transportation. Despite significant advancements in battery and motor technologies, the real-world efficiency from battery to wheel remains suboptimal, typically ranging between 60–70% for mass-market E2Ws. This inefficiency limits practical range, increases operational costs, and undermines the environmental benefits of electric mobility. This project presents a comprehensive, systems-level investigation into the mechanisms of energy loss in the E2W powertrain, from the battery through to the wheel. Employing a combination of empirical data collection, component-level modelling, and multi-objective optimization, the study identifies critical inefficiency points and proposes actionable strategies for their mitigation. The research includes detailed simulation of Indian urban driving cycles, sensitivity analysis of key design parameters, and a comparative evaluation of advanced control algorithms. The findings demonstrate that targeted optimization of inverter switching, motor control, and regenerative braking can improve battery-to-wheel efficiency by up to 14%, extend range by 17%, and reduce total cost of ownership by 11%. The report concludes with practical recommendations for manufacturers, policymakers, and researchers, aiming to accelerate the adoption of efficient, affordable, and sustainable electric mobility in India and similar markets.