Retracted Article Sidebar Published: Nov 9, 2025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12732/ijam.v38i11s.1157 Keywords: Steel surface defect detection, smart manufacturing, convolutional neural network (CNN), recurrent neural network (RNN), LSTM, real-time monitoring, DL, Industry 4.0. Main Article Content Retracted Abstract Retracted Article Details Issue Vol. 38 No. 11s (2025) Section Articles