ENTREPRENEURSHIP TRAINING AND BARRIERS TO SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS FOR RURAL WOMEN: EVIDENCE FROM LEBANON

Abstract

 This study investigates the impact of entrepreneurship training on rural women’s livelihoods in Lebanon, focusing on how such programs strengthen human capital, expand capabilities, and contribute to sustainable development. Guided by Amartya Sen’s Capability Approach and Human Capital Theory, the study explores whether training enhances women’s agency, financial independence, and social participation, while identifying structural obstacles that undermine sustainability. A mixed methods design combined survey data from 240 women across three rural regions with semi-structured interviews from 12 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). Quantitative analysis examined associations between training, skill acquisition, and entrepreneurial outcomes, while qualitative insights captured program design and barriers. Results show that training significantly enhanced women’s start-up and leadership skills, with positive correlations to business creation and employment outcomes (p < .05). Leadership training expanded confidence and networks, positioning women as community actors. Yet systemic barriers persisted: 62% of non-starters cited financial exclusion as the primary constraint, while weak follow-up and sociocultural norms further limited outcomes. The findings highlight that training alone is insufficient without accessible finance, sustained mentoring, and enabling institutions. The study contributes evidence for policymakers, NGOs, and donors designing inclusive livelihood interventions in fragile contexts.